Concrete 'dusting' indicates faulty concrete or concrete finishing.
It usually occurs in cold weather mixes when calcium or other additives are included in the mix to prevent freezing, but it can also occur when concrete is poured in bad weather conditions such as rain.
Based on the time of year the concrete was poured, I'd think it likely the concrete was poured in rain and the top layer has failed to properly set.
One solution is to have your builder remove and replace the defective concrete.
It should be done at his expense and under your new home warranty.
Some other 'fixes' might be possible but can be just as expensive as jackhammering out the concrete and replacing it. These include adding 'hardening' chemicals or sealers as Rich Hetzel or having the concrete surface ground.
Here is a helpful link:
http://www.lmcc.com/qa-archive.asp?id=56The bottom line is this is a defect that is the builder's responsibility to correct.
Call him with your concerns and if he balks have your attorney defend your rights.