Can FOAMULAR® 2" Rigid Foam Insulation be glued directly to an interior concrete basement wall for added R-10 basement insulation? If so any suggestions for an adhesive to use? Can it be painted with a latex enamel?

There is adhesive out there specifically for foam, although I've found that regular construction adhesive works just as good. Find the fastest initial setup as you can because you'll find that concrete walls aren't always perfectly flat. You'll find yourself pushing on the foam until the glue can hold it by itself. After a couple minutes of holding a sheet of foam agains't the wall, it grows tiresome, so the faster the adhesive can take over, the better. Also make sure to run your glue bead vertical, absolutely no horizontal beads. (This allows any moisture to drain down the wall if it happens to find its way back there)

As far as painting it, you'll find the building code does not allow foam to be left exposed, you'll have to cover it with sheetrock.